“Yawancin tsire-tsire na pellet ƙanana ne tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin shekara na kusan tan 9 000. Bayan matsalolin karancin pellet a cikin 2013 lokacin da aka samar da kusan tan 29 000 kawai, sashin ya nuna girman girma ya kai tan 88 000 a cikin 2016 kuma ana hasashen zai kai aƙalla tan 290 000 nan da 2021 ″

Chile tana samun kashi 23 na makamashi na farko daga kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya hada da itacen wuta, man da ake amfani da shi sosai wajen dumama cikin gida amma kuma yana da nasaba da gurbacewar iska a cikin gida. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sabbin fasahohi da tsabtacewa da ingantaccen makamashin biomass, irin su pellets, suna yin kan gaba cikin sauri. Dokta Laura Azocar, mai bincike a Jami'ar La Frontera, yana ba da haske game da mahallin da halin yanzu na kasuwanni da fasahar da suka shafi samar da pellet a Chile.

A cewar DR AZOCAR, amfani da itacen wuta a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi na farko wani abu ne na Chile. Wannan yana da alaƙa da al'adu da al'adun Chilean, baya ga yalwar halittun daji, da tsadar albarkatun mai, da sanyi da damina a yankin tsakiyar-kudanci.

Kasar daji

Don fahimtar wannan bayanin, ya kamata a ambata cewa a halin yanzu Chile tana da hectare miliyan 17.5 na gandun daji: kashi 82 bisa dari na gandun daji, kashi 17 cikin 100 na gonaki (yawanci pine da eucalyptus) da kashi 1 cikin 100 na gauraye.

Hakan na nufin duk da saurin bunkasuwar da kasar ke samu, tare da samun kudin shiga na kowane mutum dalar Amurka 21,000 a duk shekara da kuma tsawon rai na shekaru 80, ya kasance maras ci gaba ta fuskar tsarin dumama gidaje.

A gaskiya ma, na yawan makamashin da ake amfani da shi don dumama, kashi 81 ya fito ne daga itacen wuta, wanda ke nufin kusan gidaje miliyan 1.7 a Chile a halin yanzu suna amfani da wannan man fetur, wanda ya kai jimlar yawan amfani da itace fiye da miliyan 11.7 a kowace shekara.

Zaɓuɓɓuka masu inganci

Yawan cin itacen kuma yana da nasaba da gurbacewar iska a Chile. Kashi 56 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a, wato, kusan mutane miliyan 10 ana fallasa su zuwa yawan adadin MG 20 a kowace m³ na kayan ɓarna (PM) ƙasa da 2.5 na yamma (PM2.5).

Kusan rabin wannan PM2.5 ana danganta shi da konewar itacen/Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai da yawa kamar busasshen itace mara kyau, ƙarancin murhu da ƙarancin rufin gidaje. Bugu da kari, ko da yake ana zaton konewar itacen a matsayin tsaka-tsaki na carbon dioxide (C02), ƙarancin ingancin murhu yana nuna hayaƙin C02 daidai da wanda ke fitowa daga kananzir da murhuwar iskar gas.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɓakar matakan ilimi a Chile ya haifar da ƙarin ƙarfafa al'umma wanda ya fara bayyana buƙatun da suka shafi kiyaye kayan gado da kula da muhalli.

Tare da abubuwan da ke sama, wani gagarumin ci gaba na bincike da samar da jarin dan Adam na ci gaba ya sa kasar ta fuskanci wadannan kalubale ta hanyar neman sababbin fasahohi da sababbin man fetur da ke magance bukatun da ake bukata na dumama gida. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin shine samar da pellets.

Kashe wuta

An fara sha'awar amfani da pellet a Chile a cikin 2009 a lokacin da aka fara shigo da murhun pellet da tukunyar jirgi daga Turai. Koyaya, hauhawar farashin shigo da kayayyaki ya tabbatar da ƙalubale kuma ɗaukar nauyi ya kasance a hankali.

Don haɓaka amfani da shi, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙaddamar da shirin maye gurbin murhu da tukunyar jirgi a cikin 2012 don sassan zama da masana'antu, godiya ga wannan shirin sauya fasalin, an shigar da sama da raka'a 4 000 a cikin 2012, adadin da ya ninka sau uku tare da haɗa wasu masana'antun kayan aikin gida.

Rabin wadannan murhu da tukunyar jirgi ana samun su ne a bangaren mazauni, kashi 28 cikin dari a cibiyoyin gwamnati da kusan kashi 22 cikin dari a bangaren masana'antu.

Ba kawai pellets na itace ba

Ana samar da pellets a Chile musamman daga radiata pine (Pinus radiata), nau'in shuka gama gari. A cikin 2017, akwai shuke-shuke pellet 32 ​​masu girma dabam da aka rarraba a Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar.

Yawancin tsire-tsire na pellet ƙanana ne tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin shekara na kusan tan 9 000. Bayan matsalolin karancin pellet a cikin 2013 lokacin da kusan tan 29 000 ne kawai aka samar, sashin ya nuna girman girma ya kai tan 88 000 a cikin 2016 kuma ana hasashen zai kai akalla tan 190 000 nan da 2020, in ji Dokta Azocar.

Duk da ɗimbin halittun daji, wannan sabuwar al'ummar Chilean "mai dorewa" ta haifar da sha'awa a ɓangaren 'yan kasuwa da masu bincike don neman madadin albarkatun ƙasa don samar da iskar gas mai yawa. Akwai Cibiyoyin Bincike na Ƙasa da yawa da Jami'o'in da suka haɓaka bincike a wannan yanki.

A Jami'ar La Frontera, Cibiyar Gudanar da Waste da Bioenergy, wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta BIOREN kuma tana da alaƙa da Sashen Injiniyan Sinadarai, ya ɓullo da hanyar tantancewa don gano tushen halittu na gida tare da yuwuwar makamashi.

Hazelnut husk da alkama bambaro

Binciken ya gano husk hazelnut a matsayin biomass tare da mafi kyawun halayen da za a ƙone. Bugu da kari, bambaro na alkama ya yi fice saboda yawan samunsa da kuma tasirin muhalli da aka saba yi na bambaro da konewa. Alkama babban amfanin gona ne a kasar Chile, wanda ake nomawa a kan wasu hekta 286 000 kuma yana samar da kusan tan miliyan 1.8 na bambaro duk shekara.

A game da husk ɗin hazelnut, kodayake ana iya ƙone wannan biomass kai tsaye, bincike ya mai da hankali kan amfani da shi don samar da pellet. Dalili kuwa ya ta'allaka ne da fuskantar kalubalen samar da iskar gas mai tsafta wanda ya dace da gaskiyar cikin gida, inda manufofin jama'a suka haifar da maye gurbin murhun itace da murhun pellet, don magance matsalolin gurbatar iska a cikin gida.

Sakamakon ya kasance mai ƙarfafawa, binciken farko ya nuna cewa waɗannan pellets za su bi ka'idodin da aka kafa don pellet na asalin itace bisa ga ISO 17225-1 (2014).

Dangane da bambaro alkama, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen torrefaction don inganta wasu halaye na wannan kwayar halitta kamar girman da ba daidai ba, ƙarancin girma da ƙarancin calorific, da sauransu.

Torrefaction, tsarin zafin jiki da aka yi a matsakaicin yanayin zafi a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba shi da amfani, an inganta shi musamman don wannan ragowar noma. Sakamakon farko yana ba da shawarar haɓakar ƙarfin da aka riƙe da ƙimar calorific a matsakaicin yanayin aiki ƙasa da 150 ℃.

Abin da ake kira baƙar fata pellet wanda aka samar akan sikelin matukin jirgi tare da wannan gurɓataccen biomass an kwatanta shi bisa ƙa'idar Turai ISO 17225-1 (2014). Sakamakon ya kasance mai kyau, yana kaiwa ga haɓakar ƙima daga 469 kg kowace m³ zuwa kilogiram 568 a kowace m³ godiya ga tsarin kafin magani.

Kalubalen da ake fuskanta dai na da nufin nemo fasahohin da za su rage yawan ma’adanai a cikin tarkacen bambaro na alkama, domin cimma wani samfurin da zai iya shiga kasuwannin kasa, da ke taimakawa wajen yakar matsalolin muhalli da suka shafi kasar.